10 briefings

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01

UN inquiry finds Russian energy attacks on Ukraine constitute international crimes

A UN investigative commission said on 26 October that Russia’s pattern of attacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure constitutes war crimes and crimes against humanity, citing deliberate harm to civilian access to essential services.

02

DRC and Rwanda convene Geneva session to implement Washington Accords

The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda began a September 16–17 Geneva meeting to advance monitoring and verification of unresolved security commitments under the Washington Accords.

03

EU Russia sanctions gain partner alignment and Swiss implementation

As of 21 August, nine partner countries have aligned with the EU’s 23 July Russia sanctions decision and Switzerland has brought corresponding measures into force, extending restrictions on shadow-fleet support, LNG tanker activity and sanctions circumvention.

04

Switzerland brings remaining EU Russia sanctions measures into force

Switzerland’s remaining measures aligning with the EU’s 20th Russia sanctions package took effect on 20 August, extending restrictions on specified LNG-related services, tanker sales, sensitive-goods exports to Kyrgyzstan and Russian crypto-asset activity.

05

Switzerland brings further EU Russia sanctions measures into force

Switzerland has brought further measures from the EU’s 20th Russia sanctions package into force, tightening restrictions on Russian LNG-related services, tanker sales, selected trade flows and crypto-asset activity.

06

Switzerland brings remaining EU Russia sanctions measures into force

Switzerland’s additional measures aligned with the EU’s 20th Russia sanctions package took effect on 20 August, extending restrictions to Russian LNG-related services, tanker sales, sensitive-goods exports to Kyrgyzstan and crypto-asset activity.

07

US-Iran memorandum moved into a 60-day implementation phase, but Hormuz insecurity quickly tested the framework

After the June 22 Lake Lucerne session, the US-Iran memorandum entered a 60-day implementation phase with formal oversight, technical working groups, a Hormuz incident line, and a Lebanon de-confliction channel, but maritime insecurity around the Strait of Hormuz remained unstable within days.

08

US-Iran implementation talks opened in Switzerland, but a June 25 vessel attack left Hormuz security fragile

The US-Iran de-escalation process moved into implementation with a first high-level committee meeting on June 22, but renewed maritime insecurity by June 25 showed the agreement had not stabilized Gulf transit.

09

US-Iran interim deal entered a contested 60-day implementation phase under a Qatar-Pakistan roadmap

The US-Iran interim deal moved into a formal 60-day implementation phase on June 22 under a Qatar-Pakistan-mediated roadmap, but public disputes over IAEA access and continued strain around Hormuz and Lebanon showed that key terms and linked security arrangements remained unsettled as of June 26.

10

US-Iran memorandum and sanctions reprieve drove Hormuz traffic recovery as residual shipping-risk questions persisted

As of June 25, 2026, the June 17 US-Iran memorandum and a US sanctions license issued on June 22 had shifted the Strait of Hormuz from disruption toward managed recovery, with tanker flows nearing normal and oil prices retreating while maritime-risk and transit-governance questions remained unresolved.